HowTo Schema
Markup for step-by-step instructions, labelling each step in order. Useful for anything procedural, and easy for an assistant to reproduce accurately.
Related terms
Speakable Schema
Markup identifying the parts of a page suitable to be read aloud by a voice assistant. Narrow in application, but it removes the guesswork about which sentence answers the question.
LLM (Large Language Model)
The kind of AI behind ChatGPT, Claude and Gemini. It is trained on an enormous amount of text and predicts what should come next, which is enough to answer questions, summarise, translate and write.
GPTBot
OpenAI’s crawler for building its index. Blocking it in robots.txt keeps your content out of that index — and out of the answers built from it.
robots.txt
A plain text file at the root of a site listing which bots may read what. It is a request rather than a lock — well-behaved crawlers obey it, and all the major AI crawlers do.
Microdata
An older way of marking up facts, written as attributes on the HTML itself rather than in a separate block. Still understood, but JSON-LD is now the safer choice.
RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation)
A technique where the AI first searches a set of documents, then writes its answer from what it found. It is how assistants quote current information rather than whatever was in their training data.